20:I[817158,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3zlxnut_1-a4f.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2xl513ed6g9yb.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/27e7gv0pu9t-6.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2cgkg8zq8zix6.js"],"default"] 21:T12ed,

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Walking and shoes in eighteenth-century London

A look at changing fashions in footwear and leisure.

A It was difficult to get about in eighteenth-century London. During the first half of that century, the physical mobility of the upper classes in the city had been considerably restricted: the poor condition of the streets did not allow 'walking for pleasure' outside private parks or pleasure gardens. Streets were dirty, rubbish was everywhere and the British climate did not help. Walking could be a risky business. The terrible state of roads, always flooded and muddy, created a metropolitan world of shoe cleaners and street sweepers.

B References to walking are not abundant in early eighteenth-century texts. This is truer for urban spaces than for places in the countryside, where country life had always been dominated by a lifestyle of outdoor activities. For instance, in eighteenth-century London, a sightseer's experience was restricted to touristic places and involved journeys by a series of boats and coaches. Walking was considered to be an activity for the poorer members of society - or simply those who could not afford a coach.

C This situation underwent a sudden improvement in the mid-eighteenth century, with measures implementing the provision of public spaces in which to walk. The first legislation concerning paving in London was passed in 1762, and during the following decades similar laws were enacted in many cities. By the end of the century, areas for walking were commonplace, and far more people were enjoying the pastime than before. Sophie von La Roche writes about metropolitan street life in the diary of her visit to London of 1786. She comments on how many more pedestrians there were on the broad, clean pavements, alongside the houses where, she says, 'many thousands of neatly clad people, eminent men and dressy women, pursue their way safe from the carriages, horses and dirt'. Although the pastime of walking was pursued only in specific spaces designed for the purpose, the number of these spaces increased as the nineteenth century approached. Travelling on foot became smoother and less dangerous.

D Attitudes toward walking through public spaces and their changes over time were visible in the practical designs of fashionable footwear. Protective overshoes and other devices designed to keep feet above the dirty and wet ground soon disappeared, and ease of mobility increased. In the early eighteenth century, the look of men's and women's shoes started to diverge in appearance as a distinction between male and female footwear filtered into production. Contemporary descriptions of the boot and shoe trade underlined the differences between ladies' shoemakers and men's shoemakers too.

E The production of men's and women's footwear required different skills, as the products were essentially different. Men wore more sober footwear, not unlike modern shoes. Their shoes were entirely made of leather, which provided resistance to rain, mud and bad weather. Women's shoes had uppers made of textiles - silk, satin or cloth - and their resistance to bad weather and dirty streets was limited. Only the lower ranks of women wore leather shoes of a form similar to men's. The high-quality shoes for women were often embroidered and were normally worn with protective overshoes, as they were prone to being damaged or disfigured by the conditions of the time.

F The shoes of men and women related to their more general clothing in different ways. Wealthy women's footwear harmonised with their other garments, a harmony that could be effected through matching textiles, general colour, embroidered detail or buckles. In the eighteenth century, men's shoes matched their clothing in different ways, for example with glossy black, red or pink heels. The shoe of an upper-class man also acted as a type of sign which emphasised the difference between the wearer and young boys and women. The shoe also distinguished him from working men who wore leather or cloth protective leggings, ragged shoes and clogs. The symbolic marking of the entry of a wealthy young man into manhood through his shoes, as well as his other dress, may have been of more importance than has previously been acknowledged in costume history.

22:Td33,

Questions 14-20

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once.

	A	B	C	D	E	F
14 details of a legal change affecting conditions in urban areas
15 a reference to how the significance of men's shoes has been overlooked by experts
16 a reference to how gender began to affect shoe design
17 a description of potential problems faced in urban areas
18 a mention of the tough qualities of men's shoes
19 a reference to modes of transport used by visitors to London
20 a mention of the limited areas in early eighteenth-century London where local people could enjoy walking

23:T524,

Questions 21 and 22

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

The writer refers to the relationship between shoes and other clothing. Which TWO of the following are mentioned?

A Shoes for rich women were designed to match their dress in various ways.

B Men's shoes tended to feature a vast range of colours.

C Children's shoes were simpler versions of the ones adults wore.

D Wealthy men's shoes set the wearer apart from other groups.

E Shoes for the less privileged were cheap copies of fashionable designs.

24:T515,

Questions 23-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Walking in the eighteenth century

Only a few texts dating from the first few decades of the eighteenth century actually make reference to walking. In fact, in London, only people who were less well-off had to walk rather than take a 23 . The situation, though, was different in the 24 .

Things changed mid-century, as more public spaces for walking were made available in London, and a number of English cities were affected by similar governmental decisions during the second half of the century. As a consequence, according to Sophie von La Roche, the number of 25 rose dramatically, because many people were able to walk on wide 26 away from the traffic.

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Walking could be a risky business. The terrible state of roads, always flooded and muddy\nBản dịch: Đường phố bẩn thỉu, rác khắp nơi, khí hậu Anh cũng không giúp ích; đi bộ có thể nguy hiểm, đường sá thường ngập nước và lầy lội.\n\nGiải thích: Đoạn A liên tiếp liệt kê bẩn, rác, thời tiết, ngập nước, lầy lội và rủi ro khi đi bộ ở đô thị, tương ứng đầy đủ potential problems faced in urban areas."},{"questionNumber":18,"text":"(5) Câu 18: a mention of the tough qualities of men’s shoes\nDịch đề: Nhắc đến đặc tính bền, chắc của giày nam.\nĐáp án: E\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn E, câu 3\nBản gốc: Their shoes were entirely made of leather, which provided resistance to rain, mud and bad weather.\nBản dịch: Giày nam làm hoàn toàn bằng da, có thể chống mưa, bùn và thời tiết xấu.\n\nGiải thích: tough qualities thể hiện cụ thể qua chất liệu da và resistance to rain, mud and bad weather, nên định vị đoạn E."},{"questionNumber":19,"text":"(6) Câu 19: a reference to modes of transport used by visitors to London\nDịch đề: Nhắc đến phương thức giao thông du khách ở London dùng.\nĐáp án: B\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn B, câu 3\nBản gốc: a sightseer’s experience was restricted to touristic places and involved journeys by a series of boats and coaches\nBản dịch: Hoạt động của khách tham quan giới hạn ở các điểm du lịch, hành trình gồm đi một loạt thuyền và xe ngựa.\n\nGiải thích: visitors tương ứng sightseer, modes of transport tương ứng boats and coaches, nên đáp án là đoạn B."},{"questionNumber":20,"text":"(7) Câu 20: a mention of the limited areas in early eighteenth-century London where local people could enjoy walking\nDịch đề: Nhắc đến khu vực hạn chế nơi người London bản địa đầu thế kỷ 18 có thể tận hưởng đi bộ.\nĐáp án: A\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn A, câu 2\nBản gốc: the poor condition of the streets did not allow ‘walking for pleasure’ outside private parks or pleasure gardens\nBản dịch: Tình trạng đường phố kém, người ta chỉ có thể đi dạo giải trí trong công viên tư hay vườn giải trí.\n\nGiải thích: limited areas tương ứng outside private parks or pleasure gardens không cho phép đi dạo giải trí, ngược lại cho thấy phạm vi thời đó có thể tận hưởng đi bộ chỉ giới hạn ở những nơi này, nên vẫn định vị đoạn A."},{"questionNumber":21,"text":"(1) Câu 21: (Đề bài xem ở phần đề)\nDịch đề: Về mối quan hệ giữa giày và các trang phục khác, tác giả nhắc đến hai điều nào sau đây?\nĐáp án: A（Shoes for rich women were designed to match their dress in various ways.）\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn F, câu 1 đến 2\nBản gốc: Wealthy women's footwear harmonised with their other garments, a harmony that could be effected through matching textiles, general colour, embroidered detail or buckles.\nBản dịch: Giày của phụ nữ giàu có hài hòa với trang phục khác của họ, sự hài hòa này có thể đạt được qua vải phối hợp, màu tổng thể, chi tiết thêu hoặc khóa giày.\n\nGiải thích: rich women tương ứng wealthy women, match their dress tương ứng harmonised with their other garments; vải, màu, thêu và khóa bài liệt kê chính là various ways, nên A đúng."},{"questionNumber":22,"text":"(2) Câu 22: (Đề bài xem ở phần đề)\nDịch đề: Về mối quan hệ giữa giày và các trang phục khác, tác giả nhắc đến hai điều nào sau đây?\nĐáp án: D（Wealthy men's shoes set the wearer apart from other groups.）\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn F, câu 4 đến 5\nBản gốc: The shoe of an upper-class man also acted as a type of sign which emphasised the difference between the wearer and young boys and women. The shoe also distinguished him from working men.\nBản dịch: Giày của nam giới thượng lưu cũng là một loại dấu hiệu thân phận, nhấn mạnh sự khác biệt giữa người mang với bé trai và phụ nữ, cũng phân biệt ông với nam giới lao động.\n\nGiải thích: wealthy men tương ứng upper-class man, set the wearer apart from other groups tương ứng emphasised the difference và distinguished him from working men, nên D đúng."},{"questionNumber":23,"text":"(1) Câu 23: Only a few texts dating from the first few decades of the eighteenth century actually make reference to walking. In fact, in London, only people who were less well-off had to walk rather than take a ________. The situation, though, was different in the ________.\nDịch đề: Ở London, người nghèo hơn chỉ có thể đi bộ, mà không thể đi ______.\nĐáp án: coach\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn B, câu cuối\nBản gốc: Walking was considered to be an activity for the poorer members of society — or simply those who could not afford a coach.\nBản dịch: Đi bộ được coi là hoạt động của người nghèo hơn trong xã hội, hay đơn giản là những người không đủ tiền đi xe ngựa.\n\nGiải thích: less well-off tương ứng poorer members of society, had to walk rather than take tương ứng could not afford; sau mạo từ a phải điền danh từ số ít trong bài là coach."},{"questionNumber":24,"text":"(2) Câu 24: Only a few texts dating from the first few decades of the eighteenth century actually make reference to walking. In fact, in London, only people who were less well-off had to walk rather than take a ________. The situation, though, was different in the ________.\nDịch đề: Tuy nhiên, tình huống ở ______ thì khác.\nĐáp án: countryside\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn B, câu 2\nBản gốc: This is truer for urban spaces than for places in the countryside, where country life had always been dominated by a lifestyle of outdoor activities.\nBản dịch: Tình huống này đúng với không gian đô thị hơn nơi nông thôn; đời sống nông thôn luôn do lối sống hoạt động ngoài trời chi phối.\n\nGiải thích: The situation was different in the... trong đề tương ứng sự đối chiếu trực tiếp giữa đô thị và places in the countryside, nên đáp án là countryside."},{"questionNumber":25,"text":"(3) Câu 25: Things changed mid-century, as more public spaces for walking were made available in London, and a number of English cities were affected by similar governmental decisions during the second half of the century. As a consequence, according to Sophie von La Roche, the number of ________ rose dramatically, because many people were able to walk on wide ________ away from the traffic.\nDịch đề: Theo Sophie von La Roche, số ______ tăng mạnh.\nĐáp án: pedestrians\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn C, câu 5\nBản gốc: She comments on how many more pedestrians there were on the broad, clean pavements\nBản dịch: Bà nhận xét trên vỉa hè rộng, sạch có nhiều người đi bộ hơn hẳn.\n\nGiải thích: according to Sophie von La Roche khóa vào nhận xét của bà, the number ... rose tương ứng how many more; đối tượng được đếm là pedestrians."},{"questionNumber":26,"text":"(4) Câu 26: Things changed mid-century, as more public spaces for walking were made available in London, and a number of English cities were affected by similar governmental decisions during the second half of the century. As a consequence, according to Sophie von La Roche, the number of ________ rose dramatically, because many people were able to walk on wide ________ away from the traffic.\nDịch đề: Nhiều người có thể đi bộ trên ______ rộng, cách xa dòng xe.\nĐáp án: pavements\nĐịnh vị: bài chính đoạn C, câu 5\nBản gốc: on the broad, clean pavements, alongside the houses where, she says ‘many thousands of neatly clad people, eminent men and dressy women, pursue their way safe from the carriages, horses and dirt’\nBản dịch: Trên vỉa hè rộng, sạch cạnh các ngôi nhà, hàng nghìn người ăn mặc chỉnh tề có thể đi an toàn, tránh xe ngựa, ngựa và chất bẩn.\n\nGiải thích: wide tương ứng broad, away from the traffic tương ứng safe from the carriages and horses; vị trí đi bộ cụ thể là pavements."}]}]}}}]